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How do microphones work?

How do microphones differ? How do they pick up sound from different directions? Jez Wells provides a physicist’s guide to microphone technologies and techniques (i.e. what they are and what to do with them)

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The terms in bold link to topics in the AQA, Edexcel, OCR, WJEC and CCEA A-level specifications, as well as the IB, Pre-U and SQA exam specifications.

An understanding of sound waves and phase difference helps explain the operation of different types of microphone.

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