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CROSSWORD

Signals and symmetry

Solution and notes

These notes discuss the origins of noise in electronic circuits and explain the operation of a transistor logic gate, before taking a look at the role of symmetry in a model used to predict antimatter

You may have experienced some music that you like being described as ‘noise’ by others. Acoustic noise has been defined as a ‘sound out of place’ — at the wrong time, in the wrong place and in the wrong circumstances. A more objective way of describing noise might be to call it any disturbance or interference in a communication signal. This would include sound, visually transmitted information and electrical systems.

In electronics, noise can produce errors as an unwanted voltage is added to, or subtracted from, the intended signal. This could cause a logic signal to pass a threshold voltage, and therefore it is important to know the noise margin, i.e. the maximum noise voltage that can be added or subtracted from the signal before any threshold is reached.

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Previous

Oscillatory motion and exponential decay

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Sun dogs

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