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Tsars, commissars and Putin

John Jefferies evaluates the demise of liberal hopes for a peaceful Europe and assesses what Russia wants to achieve

Students following Edexcel’s global route require a thorough understanding of military and economic power on the global stage and the foreign policy objectives of global actors such as Russia.

When the Cold War ended in 1991 (Box 1) there was a widespread belief that Russia could be integrated into the new world order which President George H.W. Bush (1989–93) predicted. This new order would be based on a shared commitment to the free market and democracy. Peace and understanding would be further ensured by Russian membership of the G8 (1997–2014) and the World Trade Organization (2012–). These connections, liberals believed, would further encourage peace, stability and security based on complex interdependence (the ‘cobweb model’ of international relations), which would make Russia indistinguishable from other Western democracies.

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The Executive Office of the President

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