If Freud was right when he said that ‘Little Hans’ had developed his fear of horses because he was afraid of being castrated by his dad, then surely Watson and Rayner must be wrong to suggest that ‘Little Albert’ had learned a fear by association. And where does all of that leave the evolutionary view that phobias are based on an adaptive response? Is fear the result of unresolved conflicts, learning or innate factors? Surely they cannot all be right? And if not, how will you know who is right and who is not?
In your A-level studies, you look at five approaches to explaining behaviour. Let’s start by defining each approach and what it says about behaviour:
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