Brazil has experienced unprecedented economic growth in recent years. This growth is now threatened by a watersupply crisis in São Paulo state, triggered by drought combined with increased demand. Brazil has the largest freshwater resources in the world and is dependent on its water for electricity generation (Figure 1) as well as agriculture, manufacturing and domestic supplies. Industrialisation, urbanisation and improved living standards of the expanding middle-class population have increased demand for electricity, sanitation and water, to such an extent that water is becoming a limited resource.
São Paulo state has a population of 44 million people, 22% of all Brazilians, and is the economic powerhouse of Brazil. Economic growth has led to industrial expansion as well as rapid urbanisation. Figure 2 illustrates how domestic electricity consumption increased between 2004 and 2013. The state produces 12.8% of all hydroelectric power (HEP) in Brazil and increased demand has put pressure on electricity production. Since 2013, the region has experienced an unprecedented and devastating drought which is having a major impact on São Paulo state and the city of 20 million people. Figure 3 shows the falling water levels in the Cantareira reservoir system which supplies water for domestic, industrial and HEP uses.
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